The researchers got inspired to propound 4D needles from the parasites, who gets stick onto the host's skin. While 3D printing builds objects layer by layer, 4D would go further with smart materails that are programmed to change shape after printing. Time is the fourth direction which allow materials to obtain new shapes.
Latest findings of the researchers were written in the journal of "Advanced Functional Materials" which read:
"We think our 4D-printed microneedle array will allow for more robust and sustained use of minimally invasive, pain-free and easy-to-use microneedles for delivering drugs, healing wounds, biosensing, and other soft tissue applications," said senior author Howon Lee, an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering in the School of Engineering at Rutgers University-New Brunswick."
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The study's co-authors include Daehoo Han, a former Rutgers doctoral student who is now a postdoc at the University of Minnesota, and Riddish S Morde, a former Rutgers master's student, and a researcher at the University of Pisa in Italy.
Microneedles are developed to reduce pain and risk of infection. Hypodermic needles are widely used in hospitals and labs to extract blood and inject drugs, causing pain, scarring skin and posing an infection risk. People with diabetes often take blood samples multiple times a day with needles to monitor blood sugar levels.
Microneedles (miniaturised needles) are gaining attention because they are short, thin and minimally invasive, reduce pain and the risk of infection and are easy-to-use.
"But their weak adhesion to tissues is a major challenge for controlled drug delivery over the long run or for biosensing, which involves using a device to detect DNA, enzymes, antibodies and other health indicators."
In nature, some insects and other organisms have developed microscopic features that adhere to tissue, such as the micro-hooks of parasites, barbed stingers of honeybees and scaled quills of porcupines.
Inspired by these examples, Rutgers engineers developed a microneedle that interlocks with a tissue when inserted, enhancing adhesion. They combined a micro 3D-printing technique and a 4D-printing approach to creating backwards-facing barbs on a microneedle.
The researchers on using chicken muscle tissue as a model, showed that tissue adhesion with their microneedle is 18 times stronger than with a barbless microneedle. Their creation outperforms previously reported examples, resulting in more stable and robust drug delivery, collection of bio-fluids and biosensing, the study says.