According to research by Australia's top biosecurity laboratory, the new coronavirus can remain infectious for weeks on banknotes, glass and other common surfaces. This highlights attracting risks from paper currency, touchscreen devices and grabs handles and rails.
Scientists at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness showed SARS-CoV-2 is "extremely robust.” It can survive up to 28 days on smooth surfaces such as glass found on mobile phone screens and plastic banknotes at room temperature, or 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit). That compares with 17 days of survival for the flu virus.
The scientists said the virus survival declined to less than a day at 40 degrees Celsius on some surfaces, according to the study, published Monday in Virology Journal. The findings add to evidence that the COVID-19-causing coronavirus survives for longer in cooler weather, making it potentially harder to control in winter than summer. The research also helps to more accurately predict and mitigate the pandemic's spread.
"Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious on surfaces for long periods, reinforcing the need for good practices such as regular hand washing and cleaning surfaces," said Debbie Eagles, the centre's deputy director, in an emailed statement.
The coronavirus is transmitted mostly through direct contact with an infected person, especially the virus-laden particles they emit while coughing, sneezing, speaking, singing and even breathing. SARS-CoV-2 may also contaminate surfaces when these particles settle, creating so-called fomites that the researchers said: "may also be an important contributor in the transmission of the virus."
“It does raise some critical issues around the need to keep on disinfecting surfaces, even when community cases are low,” said Trevor Drew, the centre’s director and another co-author, in an interview. “We still need to carry out those disinfection regimes, both personally and at a public level, even when there don’t seem to be any cases around because there may well be some residual virus that virus that you’ve missed.”
SARS-CoV-2 spread via fomites is plausible, researchers at Kansas State University said in a study released ahead of publication and peer review in August. They analyzed the coronavirus's stability on a dozen surfaces and found it survived five-to-seven times long under cooler, less-humid spring/fall conditions compared with the average temperature and humidity in summer. Virologist Juergen Richt, who led the research said that the findings indicate controlling the virus during northern hemisphere winter becomes difficult.
'Big Surprise'
“If we couldn’t control it very well during the summer, we are in for a big surprise,” Richt said in an interview.
Scientists at the Australian government laboratory have detected that the coronavirus tends to survive longer on nonporous or smooth surfaces, compared with porous complex surfaces, such as cotton.
The research received funding from Australia's defence department. It involved the process of drying the coronavirus in an artificial mucus on different surfaces, at concentrations similar to those reported in samples from infected patients, and then re-isolating the virus over a month. The study was also carried out in the dark, to remove the effect of ultraviolet light, as research has demonstrated direct sunlight can rapidly inactivate the virus.
The time taken to achieve a 90% reduction in the amount of virus present on the surfaces studied under different temperatures is tabled below:
| Celsius | 20 degrees Celsius | 30 degrees Celsius | 40 degrees Celsius |
| Stainless steel | 5.96 days | 1.74 days | 4.68 hours |
| Polymer note | 6.85 days | 2.04 days | 4.78 hours |
| Paper note | 9.1 days | 4.32 days | 5.39 hours |
| Glass | 6.32 days | 1.45 days | 6.55 hours |
| Cotton | 5.57 days | 1.65 days | none recovered |
| Vinyl | 6.34 days | 1.4 days | 9.9 hours |
Transmission Risk
“While the precise role of surface transmission, the degree of surface contact and the amount of virus required for infection is yet to be determined, establishing how long this virus remains viable on surfaces is critical for developing risk mitigation strategies in high contact areas," Eagles said.
The researchers said in the paper that the persistence on glass is an important finding, given that touchscreen devices such as mobile phones, bank ATMs, supermarket self-serve checkouts and airport check-in kiosks are high touch surfaces which may not be regularly cleaned and therefore pose a transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2, the researchers said in the paper.
They found the longer survival time of SARS-CoV-2 than seasonal flu on banknotes "of particular significance, considering the frequency of circulation and the potential for transfer of viable virus both between individuals and geographic locations."
Before SARS-CoV-2 was declared a pandemic, China had started decontaminating its paper currency, suggesting concerns over transmission via paper banknotes existed at the time, the researchers said, noting that the U.S. and South Korea have also quarantined banknotes as a result of the pandemic.
The survival of the coronavirus on stainless steel at cooler temperatures may help explain Covid-19 outbreaks linked to meat processing and cold storage facilities, the authors said. Their data support the findings of a study showing the survival of SARS-CoV-2 on fresh and frozen food as well, they said.
“It’s going to survive for much longer in cooler conditions, and that’s irrespective of whether it’s on a surface or whether it’s in the air,” Drew said. “This may help to explain why the sort of environments, such as slaughterhouses, would be potentially a more hazardous area.”
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Decreasing the temperature to about 6 degrees Celsius will supplement a 10-fold increase in the virus’s survival, Drew said. Blood and oils associated with fresh meat and fish processing and handling may also help to preserve the virus.