Layer of haze blanketed the national capital and its air quality dipped to "very poor" category with revellers continuing to defy with impunity the Supreme Court-enforced two-hour limit for bursting crackers on Diwali on Sunday.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) in several locations in New Delhi at 7 am:
Anand Vihar - 358- very poor
ITO- 347- very poor
Jahangirpuri- 360- very poor
Dwarka- 350- very poor
North Campus - 328- very poor
Lodhi Road- 348- very poor
On Diwali evening, the overall AQI in Delhi stood at 306 which again falls in the very poor’ category.
Ear-deafening booms, toxic smoke and ash from firecrackers filled the air as the overall air quality index crossed the "severe" mark at many places. People reported a violation of the two-hour window in Malviya Nagar, Lajpat Nagar, Kailash Hills, Burari, Jangpura, Shahdara, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Sarita Vihar, Hari Nagar, New Friends Colony, Dwarka among others places.
Residents in Noida, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad also reported extensive fireworks much beyond the timeframe.
The people could also be seen bursting crackers before 8 pm, however, the intensity remained low.
At 11 pm, Delhi's overall air quality index stood at 327, according to government agencies. On Saturday, AQI stood at 302.
The government's air quality monitor, SAFAR, predicted that the overall air quality index may plunge to "severe" category tonight due to firecracker emissions, unfavourable weather and a significant spike in stubble burning.
The levels of PM10 -- a tiny particulate matter of diameter 10 or less than 10 microns that can enter deep into the lungs -- reached as high as 515 micrograms per cubic metre in Anand Vihar during the day.
In Wazirpur and Bawana, PM 2.5 levels crossed the 400 marks.
An AQI between 0-50 is considered "good", 51-100 "satisfactory", 101-200 "moderate", 201-300 "poor", 301-400 "very poor", and 401-500 "severe". Above 500 is "severe-plus emergency" category.
Twenty-five of the 37 air quality monitoring stations in the capital recorded their AQI in "very poor" category or beyond. The AQI in the satellite towns of Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Greater Noida and Noida was 320, 382, 312 and 344, respectively, at 11 pm.
After last year's Diwali, Delhi's AQI had crossed the 600-mark, which is 12 times the safe limit. In 2017, the AQI post-Diwali was 367.
With Delhi's air quality plummeting to dangerous levels around Diwali every year, the Supreme Court in 2018 banned polluting firecrackers and ordered that only green firecrackers, which is said to cause 30 per cent less pollution, can be manufactured and sold.
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But the green pyrotechnics have failed to draw good response both from sellers and buyers, primarily due to lack of variety, limited stock and high prices.
Last year also, people continued to buy conventional firecrackers and use them.
According to the System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research (SAFAR), the highest impact of firecracker emissions is expected early on Monday from 1-6 am.
"If 50 per cent of a total load of firecrackers (average of Diwali 2017 and 2018) is added, the AQI may plunge to the severe category for a short period," it said, adding the situation would be not as bad as last year.
The period between October 15 and November 15 is considered critical for Delhi-NCR's air quality due to stubble burning in neighbouring states, firecracker emissions on Diwali and weather patterns across the region trapping pollutants in the atmosphere.
The weather department said, primarily, the westerly winds, which carry smoke from stubble burning in Haryana and Punjab to Delhi-NCR, were blowing in the region.
The System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research (SAFAR) said stubble-burning incidents in Haryana and Punjab are increasing gradually and following almost the same pattern as last October.
The share of stubble burning in Haryana and Punjab in Delhi's PM2.5 concentration could increase to 19 per cent on Sunday, it said.
On Saturday, the Delhi government launched a four-day mega laser show in an effort to discourage residents from bursting firecrackers and celebrating Diwali with lights and music. During the show, laser lights were beamed in sync with patriotic songs and Ramayana narration.
The prevailing air pollution in the national capital region has also become a cause for concern ahead of the T20 International between India and Bangladesh at the Feroz Shah Kotla on November 3.
Back in December 2017, the Sri Lankan cricket team was left gasping for breath during a Test match at the Kotla, forcing most of their players to wear protective masks even as some fell ill.
BCCI and DDCA officials are now hoping that the city's poor air quality doesn't become an issue during the night encounter.
Apprehending a dip in air quality, the Supreme Court-mandated Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority on Friday banned construction activities at night in Delhi-NCR from Saturday to Wednesday.
It also directed the closure of coal-based industries, barring power plants, in Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Sonepat and Bahadurgarh during the period.
On EPCA's direction, the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) has also ordered the closure of industries, which have not yet shifted to piped natural gas, from Saturday-Wednesday.
A PMO-led panel has directed implementing agencies and the NCR states to intensify anti-pollution measures up to mid-November so that there is an immediate impact on air quality.
The Centre has also asked Haryana and Punjab to stop stubble burning completely for the next "critical" days.
In Mumbai
While Delhi remains under the grip of dust and firecracker pollution post-Diwali, locals in Mumbai breathed easy with major pollutants PM 2.5 and PM 10 docking at 32 and 43 respectively in Haji Ali area -- levels which come in the 'good' category, as per Air Quality Index (AQI) data.
In Kolkata
The air quality in the city and the surrounding areas was recorded in the "moderate" category on Kali Puja on Sunday, officials said.
The air quality index or AQI was at 182 at Ballygunge, while it was at 111 in Bidhan Nagar at 11 pm, they said. At Jadavpur monitoring station, the AQI was recorded at 143 and at Rabindra Bharati it was measured at 173.
An AQI between 0-50 is considered "good", 51-100 "satisfactory", 101-200 "moderate", 201-300 "poor", 301-400 "very poor", and 401-500 "severe". Above 500 is "severe-plus emergency" category.
At Rabindra Sarobar the AQI was measured at 147 and at Victoria Memorial it was 98, which is "satisfactory". Air quality recorded at 'moderate' level causes breathing problem to those having asthma and other respiratory problem.